The relevance of studying the eye as a complex optical system, combining principles of physics and physiology, lies in the need for a thorough understanding of image formation processes and the mechanisms of visual perception. This study aimed to identify the interrelations between the physical characteristics of the eye’s optical components and their physiological functions, which together ensure clear and accurate visual perception. The research employed methods of geometric optics to model the path of light rays through the eye’s optical media, physiological methods to assess accommodation and visual acuity, as well as a comparative analysis of data obtained from both healthy and pathological eye models. The optical properties of the cornea, crystalline lens and vitreous body were examined, with aberrations introduced by each component analysed, and the effect of accommodation on image formation on the retina established. It was also found that deviations in the optical parameters of the eye, such as changes in the curvature of the cornea or crystalline lens, lead to visual impairments (myopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism) that affect daily functioning. The findings may be of use to ophthalmologists and optometrists in the diagnosis and correction of visual disorders, as well as in the development of new optical devices