The main goal of the study was to identify the current state, challenges, and promising directions of the assessment and monitoring process of educational achievements of primary school students. The relevance of the study was determined by the need to improve the quality of education in the Kyrgyz Republic, to objectively assess students’ achievements, and to enhance the effectiveness of the educational process in schools. In this context, it was emphasised that assessment should be closely linked with the educational process. It allows for the regular evaluation of students’ progress, the introduction of adjustments based on their individual development, and the systematic improvement of teachers’ instructional methods. The article thoroughly explored the concepts of formative and summative assessment, their content features, implementation methods, and impact on the educational process. Formative assessment was viewed as a method that leads students to success through continuous feedback during daily learning. It includes self-assessment, peer assessment, and both written and oral feedback. These methods help foster active participation, critical thinking, and a sense of responsibility among students. The article also discussed the development of assessment criteria, strengthening teacher-student communication, considering individual student progress, and creating equal opportunities for learners with diverse academic levels. The authors presented examples of international assessment models and showed how they can be integrated into the Kyrgyz educational system. The study concluded with specific recommendations aimed at improving the quality of primary education. Assessment was seen not only as a tool for measuring students’ knowledge but also as a comprehensive mechanism for enhancing the overall educational process