Аннотация
Целью данного исследования было выявление условий внедрения подхода, учитывающего травматический опыт, в психосоциальную поддержку детей, находящихся в альтернативных формах опеки, с учетом межкультурных аспектов, а также оценка его эффективности при работе с детьми, воспитывающимися в детских домах и приемных семьях. Методология исследования включала теоретический анализ академических источников, сравнительный анализ международных и региональных программ, а также анализ статистических данных об институциональной и семейной опеке. В статье обоснованы педагогические условия применения подхода, учитывающего травматический опыт, в образовательной среде и предложены рекомендации по поведению учителей в кризисных ситуациях. Исследование показало, что психологическая травма у детей рассматривается как комплексное нарушение развития, возникающее в результате потери родительской заботы, насилия или длительной институционализации. Подчеркнуто негативное влияние такой травмы на формирование базового чувства безопасности, являющегося основой эмоциональной стабильности. Обобщенные данные свидетельствуют о том, что показатель институциональной опеки в Центральной Азии составляет приблизительно 203 на 100 000 детей, что превышает среднемировой показатель около 105 на 100 000. Между тем, около 69 % детей в Кыргызстане находятся на попечении семей, по сравнению с примерно 44 % в Казахстане и около 58 % в Узбекистане, что отражает значительные различия в альтернативных моделях ухода в разных странах. Установлено, что в результате нарушаются механизмы эмоциональной регуляции, проявляющиеся в повышенной тревожности и нестабильных реакциях. Также наблюдаются трудности в поведенческой адаптации и снижение способности к концентрации. Модели психосоциального взаимодействия между специалистами и детьми отражают типичные ситуации, включающие эмоциональный, поведенческий и социальный контакт в контексте индивидуального, группового и семейного ухода. Это позволяет анализировать механизмы эмоциональной регуляции, проявления травматического опыта и эффективность поддерживающих и травмоориентированных стратегий вмешательства. Практическая значимость исследования заключается в его потенциале внедрения травмоориентированного подхода в образовательную и социальную практику при работе с детьми, находящимися на альтернативном попечении, с целью повышения эффективности психологической и педагогической поддержки
Ключевые слова
Использованные источники
- Arega, N.T. (2023). Mental health and psychosocial support interventions for children affected by armed conflict in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Child & Youth Care Forum, 52(6), 1431-1456. doi: 10.1007/s10566-023-09741-0.
- Bhutta, Z.A., Bhavnani, S., Betancourt, T.S., Tomlinson, M., & Patel, V. (2023). Adverse childhood experiences and lifelong health. Nature Medicine, 29, 1639-1648. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02426-0.
- Chacko, A., Merrill, B.M., Kofler, M.J., & Fabiano, G.A. (2024). Improving the efficacy and effectiveness of evidence-based psychosocial interventions for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Translational Psychiatry, 14, article number 244. doi: 10.1038/s41398-024-02890-3.
- Cherry, K. (2026). What is attachment theory? Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-attachment-theory-2795337.
- Cicchetti, D., & Carlson, V. (1989). Child maltreatment: Theory and research on the causes and consequences of child abuse and neglect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511665707.
- Cooper, K., Sadowski, C., & Townsend, R. (2023). “You say one thing wrong, and your children are gone”: Exploring trauma-informed practices in foster and kinship care. The British Journal of Social Work, 53(6), 3055-3072. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/bcad087.
- Dajani, D.J., Salman, J.S., Muralidharan, M., & February, P. (2025). Teaching and learning during crisis and unrest: Strategies for sustaining education for all. In All means all! – OpenTextbook for diversity in education. Suite: Pressbooks.
- de Beer, C.R.M., Nooteboom, L.A., van Domburgh, L., de Vreugd, M., Schoones, J.W., & Vermeiren, R.R.J.M. (2024). A systematic review exploring youth peer support for young people with mental health problems. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(8), 2471-2484. doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-02120-5.
- Diab, A., & Green, E. (2024). Cultivating resilience and success: Support systems for novice teachers in diverse contexts. Education Sciences, 14(7), article number 711. doi: 10.3390/educsci14070711.
- Duraku, Z.H., Davis, H., & Hamiti, E. (2023). Mental health, study skills, social support, and barriers to seeking psychological help among university students: A call for mental health support in higher education. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, article number 1220614. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1220614.
- Eiberg, M. (2024). Cognitive functioning of children in out-of-home care. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 17, 217-230. doi: 10.1007/s40653-023-00580-8.
- Foster care in Kazakhstan. Conditions, requirements and necessary procedures. (2025). Retrieved from https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/child/2Fpatronat_care.
- Gómez-Juncal, M.R., Angulo, A.F., Diez, R.R., & Rosell, M.S. (2025). Psychosocial intervention with families and their children: A systematic review of effectiveness in at-risk settings. Acta Psychologica, 261, article number 105926. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105926.
- Güney, E., Aydemir, A.F., Iyit, N., & Alkan, Ö. (2024). Gender differences in psychological help-seeking attitudes: A case in Türkiye. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, article number 1289435. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1289435.
- Guo, W., Wang, J., Li, N., & Wang, L. (2025). The impact of teacher emotional support on learning engagement among college students mediated by academic self-efficacy and academic resilience. Scientific Reports, 15, article number 3670. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88187-x.
- Hales, T., Koury, S.P., Green, S.A., & Way, I. (2026). Trauma-informed practices in schools: District-level change efforts and implementation outcomes. Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work, 23(4), 625-643. doi: 10.1080/26408066.2025.2547221.
- Hettinger, K., Lazarides, R., & Schiefele, U. (2023). Motivational climate in mathematics classrooms: Teacher self-efficacy for student engagement, student-and teacher-reported emotional support and student interest. ZDM-Mathematics Education, 55(2), 413-426. doi: 10.1007/s11858-022-01430-x.
- Hosokawa, R., Matsumoto, Y., Nishida, C., Funato, K., & Mitani, A. (2024). Enhancing social-emotional skills in early childhood: Intervention study on the effectiveness of social and emotional learning. BMC Psychology, 12(1), article number 761. doi: 10.1186/s40359-024-02280-w.
- Kazak, A.E., Scialla, M., Deatrick, J.A., & Barakat, L.P. (2024). Pediatric psychosocial preventative health model: Achieving equitable psychosocial care for children and families. Families, Systems, & Health, 42(1), 76-89. doi: 10.1037/fsh0000856.
- Kennedy, R.S., Potter, M.H., & Font, S.A. (2023). A meta-regression of racial disparities in wellbeing outcomes during and after foster care. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(4), 2711-2725. doi: 10.1177/15248380221111481.
- Kliewer-Neumann, J.D., Zimmermann, J., Bovenschen, I., Gabler, S., Lang, K., Spangler, G., & Nowacki, K. (2023). Attachment disorder symptoms in foster children: Development and associations with attachment security. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17, article number 98. doi: 10.1186/s13034-023-00636-5.
- Lyons, R., Ahmed, F.U., Clinton, E., O’Gorman, C., & Gillanders, R. (2024). The impact of parental emotional support on the succession intentions of next-generation family business members. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 36(3-4), 516-534. doi: 10.1080/08985626.2023.2233460.
- Majebi, N.L., Adelodun, M.O., & Anyanwu, E.C. (2024). Integrating trauma-informed practices in US educational systems: Addressing behavioral challenges in underserved communities. Comprehensive Research and Reviews in Science and Technology, 2(1), 70-79. doi: 10.57219/crrst.2024.2.1.0033.
- Malik, F., & Marwaha, R. (2023). Cognitive development. Treasure Island: StatPearls Publishing.
- Melamed, D.M., Botting, J., Lofthouse, K., Pass, L., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2024). The relationship between negative self-concept, trauma, and maltreatment in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 27(1), 220-234. doi: 10.1007/s10567-024-00472-9.
- Mestre, T.D., Lopes, M.J., Mestre, D.M., Ferreira, R.F., Costa, A.P., & Caldeira, E.V. (2024). Impact of family-centered care in families with children with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Heliyon, 10(7), article number e28241. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28241.
- Mudhar, G., Ertesvåg, S.K., & Pakarinen, E. (2024). Patterns of teachers’ self-efficacy and attitudes toward inclusive education associated with teacher emotional support, collective teacher efficacy, and collegial collaboration. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 39(3), 446-462. doi: 10.1080/08856257.2023.2233297.
- Naeem, N., Zanca, R.M., Weinstein, S., Urquieta, A., Sosa, A., Yu, B., & Sullivan, R.M. (2022). The neurobiology of infant attachment-trauma and disruption of parent-infant interactions. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 16, article number 882464. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.882464.
- Nehrii, O. (2025). Pedagogical support for young children affected by emergency situations: Principles and mechanisms. Educological Discourse, 51(4), 16-25. doi: 10.28925/2312-5829/2025.4.2.
- Neumann, D., Peterson, E.R., Underwood, L., Morton, S.M.B., & Waldie, K.E. (2021). The development of cognitive functioning indices in early childhood. Cognitive Development, 60, article number 101098. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101098.
- Nonoyama, T., Kadoma, A., Kaneko, T., Niinomi, K., Ozaki, I., & Asano, M. (2025). Psychosocial support and care for children with special healthcare needs and their families: A scoping review for enhancing the care system. Medicine, 104(12), article number e41944. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000041944.
- Shabdan, B. (2023). Early childhood health care in rural Kyrgyzstan. In J.F. de la Croix & M. Reeves (Eds.), The Central Asian world (pp. 365-378). London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9781003021803-29.
- SOS Children’s Villages Georgia. (n.d.). Alternative care. Retrieved from https://sos-childrensvillages.ge/en/alternative-care.
- Stein, A.D., et al. (2023). Early-life stature, preschool cognitive development, schooling attainment, and cognitive functioning in adulthood: A prospective study in four birth cohorts. The Lancet Global Health, 11(1), 95-104. doi: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00448-x.
- Syakhrani, A.W., & Aslan, A. (2024). The impact of informal family education on children’s social and emotional skills. Indonesian Journal of Education, 3(3), 619-631.
- Tomoda, A., Nishitani, S., Takiguchi, S., Fujisawa, T.X., Sugiyama, T., & Teicher, M.H. (2025). The neurobiological effects of childhood maltreatment on brain structure, function, and attachment. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 275, 1939-1958. doi: 10.1007/s00406-024-01779-y.
- Tumlin, K.I., Crowley, A., Turner, B., Riley, E., & Lyons, J. (2023). Detection of traumatic stress in the presence of traumatic experiences: The role of resilience factors in foster care children five years or younger. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 17, article number 39. doi: 10.1186/s13033-023-00610-w.
- U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (n.d.). About Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/aces/index.html.
- UNICEF Europe and Central Asia Regional Office. (2024). Keeping families together in Central Asia. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/keeping-families-together-central-asia.
- United Nations Children’s Fund in Georgia. (2024). EU and UNICEF support the government to protect a child’s right to a family environment. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/georgia/stories/eu-and-unicef-support-government-protect-childs-right-family-environment.
- United Nations Children’s Fund in Kazakhstan. (n.d.). What we do. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/kazakhstan/en/what-we-do.
- United Nations Children’s Fund in Kyrgyzstan. (n.d.). Child protection. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/kyrgyzstan/child-protection.
- United Nations Children’s Fund in Uzbekistan. (n.d.). Child protection. Retrieved from https://www.unicef.org/uzbekistan/en/child-protection.
- Vyas, N., Wimberly, C.E., Beaman, M.M., Kaplan, S.J., Rasmussen, L.J.H., Wertz, J., Gifford, E.J., & Walsh, K.M. (2023). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 151, article number 106071. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2023.106071.
- Wang, L., Norman, I., Edleston, V., Oyo, C., & Leamy, M. (2024). The effectiveness and implementation of psychological first aid as a therapeutic intervention after trauma: An integrative review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(4), 2638-2656. doi: 10.1177/15248380231221492.
- West, D., Van Holen, F., Verheyden, C., Gypen, L., & Vanderfaeillie, J. (2022). Attachment of young foster children. Developmental Child Welfare, 4(4), 270-287. doi: 10.1177/25161032221129287.
- Wiedermann, C.J., Barbieri, V., Plagg, B., Marino, P., Piccoliori, G., & Engl, A. (2023). Fortifying the foundations: A comprehensive approach to enhancing mental health support in educational policies amidst crises. Healthcare, 11(10), article number 1423. doi: 10.3390/healthcare11101423.